Egyptian Structures > Pharos Lighthouse

Pharos Lighthouse

Background

The Pharos Lighthouse, also known as the Lighthouse of Alexandria, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and one of the most remarkable engineering feats of antiquity. Located on the small island of Pharos off the coast of Alexandria, Egypt, it was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (283–246 BCE) to guide sailors safely into the busy harbor of Alexandria.

Historical Context and Construction

1. Purpose:

   • Navigation Aid: The primary purpose of the lighthouse was to serve as a navigational aid for sailors, helping them to safely navigate into the harbor of Alexandria, which was one of the busiest ports in the Mediterranean.
   • Symbol of Power and Technology: The lighthouse also symbolized the wealth, power, and technological advancement of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

2. Construction:

   • Architect: The lighthouse was designed by the Greek architect Sostratus of Cnidus, although some sources suggest that Ptolemy II ordered Sostratus' name to be inscribed on the lighthouse to credit him with its construction.
   • Building Materials: It was constructed primarily from large blocks of light-colored stone, which made the structure visible from great distances.

3. Dimensions and Structure:

   • Height: The lighthouse is estimated to have been approximately 100 to 130 meters (330 to 430 feet) tall, making it one of the tallest man-made structures in the world at that time.
   • Three-Tiered Design: The structure had three main tiers:
     • The lowest tier was square-shaped and contained the main entrance.
     • The middle tier was octagonal.
     • The upper tier was circular and housed the fire that served as the light source.
   • Reflective Mirror: A large, polished bronze mirror was used to reflect sunlight during the day, and at night, a fire was lit to provide illumination.

Functionality and Operation

1. Light Source:

   • Daytime: During the day, sunlight was reflected off the bronze mirror, which could be seen from many miles away.
   • Nighttime: At night, a large fire was maintained in the upper tier, and the light was amplified by the mirror, guiding ships safely to the harbor.

2. Maintenance:

   • Constant Operation: The lighthouse required continuous operation, which meant a dedicated staff was responsible for maintaining the fire, polishing the mirror, and ensuring the structure remained in good condition.

Significance and Legacy

1. Architectural Marvel:

   • Engineering Feat: The Pharos Lighthouse was considered an architectural and engineering marvel, showcasing advanced construction techniques and a deep understanding of optics and navigation.
   • Inspiration for Future Lighthouses: The design and function of the Pharos Lighthouse inspired the construction of lighthouses throughout the Mediterranean and beyond.

2. Cultural Impact:

   • Symbol of Alexandria: The lighthouse became an iconic symbol of Alexandria and was featured in many works of art and literature. It represented the city's prominence as a center of commerce, culture, and learning.
   • Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: The Pharos Lighthouse was recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World due to its impressive height, design, and functionality.

Decline and Destruction

1. Earthquakes:

   • Seismic Activity: The lighthouse suffered significant damage from several earthquakes, particularly in 956, 1303, and 1323 CE. These earthquakes eventually led to its collapse.
   • Gradual Ruin: Over time, the ruins of the lighthouse were used as a quarry for building materials, contributing to its gradual disappearance.

2. Legacy in Modern Times:

   • Archaeological Discoveries: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, underwater archaeological expeditions in Alexandria’s harbor discovered large blocks and statues believed to be remnants of the Pharos Lighthouse.
   • Modern Commemoration: Today, the site of the lighthouse is marked by the Citadel of Qaitbay, a 15th-century fortress built by Sultan Qaitbay using some of the original stones from the lighthouse. The legacy of the Pharos Lighthouse continues to inspire and captivate people worldwide.

Conclusion

The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria was a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient engineers and architects. Its towering presence not only served as a crucial navigational aid but also symbolized the power and grandeur of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Despite its eventual destruction, the lighthouse's legacy endures as one of the greatest architectural achievements of the ancient world and a lasting symbol of Alexandria's historical significance.