Egyptian Structures > Dashur

Dashur

Background

Dashur is an ancient Egyptian necropolis located approximately 30 kilometers south of Cairo. It is known for its impressive collection of pyramids, including some of the oldest and best-preserved pyramids in Egypt. Dashur is particularly significant for its architectural innovations during the Old Kingdom period. Here are key details about Dashur:

Historical Background

• Old Kingdom: Dashur was an important royal necropolis during the Old Kingdom, particularly under Pharaoh Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty (c. 2613–2589 BCE). It continued to be used in later periods, including the Middle Kingdom.
• Architectural Innovations: Dashur is notable for the architectural experiments that led to the development of true pyramids, evolving from the earlier step pyramid design.

Major Pyramids

1. Bent Pyramid:

   • Pharaoh Sneferu: Built during the reign of Sneferu, the Bent Pyramid is one of the earliest attempts at constructing a smooth-sided pyramid.
   • Unique Shape: The pyramid's lower half rises at a steep angle of 54 degrees, but the angle changes to a shallower 43 degrees partway up, giving it a bent appearance. This change was likely due to structural issues encountered during construction.
   • Significance: The Bent Pyramid represents a critical step in the evolution of pyramid construction techniques and demonstrates the ancient Egyptians' ability to adapt and innovate.

2. Red Pyramid:

   • Pharaoh Sneferu: Also built by Sneferu, the Red Pyramid is considered the first successful true smooth-sided pyramid.
   • Name: It is called the Red Pyramid because of the reddish hue of its limestone blocks.
   • Dimensions: The Red Pyramid stands about 105 meters (344 feet) tall with a base length of approximately 220 meters (722 feet) on each side.
   • Significance: The Red Pyramid's successful design laid the foundation for subsequent pyramid constructions, including the Great Pyramid of Giza.

3. Black Pyramid:

   • Pharaoh Amenemhat III: Built during the 12th Dynasty in the Middle Kingdom.
   • Condition: The Black Pyramid is now largely a ruin, with much of its mudbrick core exposed due to the collapse of its limestone casing.
   • Significance: Despite its current state, the Black Pyramid provides insights into the construction techniques and challenges of the Middle Kingdom.

Archaeological and Historical Significance

• Evolution of Pyramid Construction: Dashur is crucial for understanding the development of pyramid construction techniques, from the step pyramid design to the smooth-sided pyramids.
• Pharaoh Sneferu's Legacy: The pyramids at Dashur, particularly those built by Sneferu, highlight his significant contributions to pyramid architecture and the advancements made during his reign.
• Middle Kingdom Necropolis: In addition to the Old Kingdom pyramids, Dashur also contains several tombs and pyramids from the Middle Kingdom, reflecting its continued importance as a royal necropolis.

Modern Context

• Tourism: Dashur is a significant tourist destination, though less frequented than Giza and Saqqara. Visitors can explore the Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid, and the surrounding archaeological sites.
• Conservation: Efforts are ongoing to preserve and protect the pyramids and other structures at Dashur from environmental damage and human impact.

Conclusion

Dashur is a vital archaeological site that provides valuable insights into the evolution of ancient Egyptian pyramid construction. The innovative designs of the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, along with the remnants of the Black Pyramid, underscore the architectural advancements achieved during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. Dashur's significance extends beyond its pyramids, offering a glimpse into the broader cultural and historical context of ancient Egypt.